The Population Registration Act stipulated that all South Africans were racially divided into one of three categories: white, black or coloured. According to this law, Native Americans fell into the category of people of color. The criteria for determining qualification in each of these categories were based on appearance, social acceptance, and ancestry. The law described a white person as someone whose parents were both white. Other things that categorized a person as white were their habits, language, education, appearance, and behavior. Blacks were defined as members of an African race or tribe, and people of color as people who were neither white nor black. The Ministry of the Interior is responsible for managing the process of classifying citizens. As a result of this law, blacks were forced to carry savings accounts, the famous “dompas” that had their fingerprints, photos and information, in order to access non-black areas. Start: July 7, 1950. It was repealed by section 1 of the Population Registration Act No. 114 of 1991.
Keeping blacks as third-class citizens didn`t work well either. Black workers remained essential to the economy and illegal black unions flourished. Many blacks remained too poor to make a significant contribution to the economy through their purchasing power – even though they made up more than 70% of the population. Botha`s regime feared that an antidote was needed to prevent blacks from being attracted to communism. [209] In 1978, Nigeria boycotted the Commonwealth Games because New Zealand`s sporting contacts with the South African government were not considered to be in accordance with the 1977 Gleneagles Agreement. Nigeria also led the boycott of the 1986 Commonwealth Games by 32 countries because British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher had an ambivalent attitude towards sporting ties with South Africa, which significantly affected the quality and profitability of the Games, putting apartheid in the international spotlight. [150] The Minister of Justice was “authorized to prohibit listed individuals from joining certain organizations or attending meetings of any kind without giving them an opportunity to appear in their defence or to give reasons for their defence.” The minister was also “empowered to prohibit a particular gathering or any gathering in a public place for specified periods.” Start: April 15, 1954. It was repealed by section 73 of the Internal Security Act No. 74 of 1982. In 1996, the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), established by the new government, opened an investigation into the violence and human rights violations that took place under the apartheid regime between 1960 and 10 May 1994 (the day Mandela was sworn in as president). The purpose of the commission was not to punish people, but to heal South Africa by openly dealing with its past.
Those who had committed crimes were allowed to confess and seek amnesty. Led by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, winner of the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize, the TRC heard from more than 20,000 witnesses from all sides of the problem – victims and their families, as well as perpetrators. He published his report in 1998 and condemned all major political organizations – the apartheid government and anti-apartheid forces such as the African National Congress – for their contribution to violence. Based on the TRC`s recommendations, the government began providing compensation of approximately $4,000 to victims of violence in 2003. Colonialism and apartheid had a huge impact on black and black women, as they suffered from both racial and gender discrimination. [101] [102] Judith Nolde argues that South African women in general “were deprived … their human rights as individuals” under the apartheid system. [103] Jobs were often difficult to find. Many black and black women worked as domestic servants or farmers, but wages were extremely low when they existed. [104] Children suffered from diseases caused by malnutrition and sanitation, so mortality rates were high. The controlled movement of black and black workers within the country through the Indigenous Urban Areas Act of 1923 and passport laws separated family members because men could prove their employment in urban centres, whereas most women were only dependent; As a result, they were at risk of being evicted to rural areas.
[105] Even in rural areas, there were legal barriers preventing women from owning land, and jobs were scarce outside the cities. [106] The state of emergency lasted until 1990, when it was lifted by President F.W. de Klerk. The laws of the Transvaal are to be applied to the Indians of Utrecht, Vryheid, and Paulpietersburg. Restrictions on land acquisition, trade and residency. After decades of increasingly violent strikes, sanctions and protests, many apartheid laws were repealed in 1990. Finally, in 1991, the South African government led by President F.W. de Klerk repealed all remaining apartheid laws and pledged to draft a new constitution.
A multiracial, multi-party transitional government was established in 1993, and the following year South Africa held its first fully free elections. Political activist Nelson Mandela, who, along with other anti-apartheid leaders, spent 27 years in prison after being convicted of treason, has become South Africa`s new president. In the era of slavery, slaves needed passports to get away from their masters. In 1797, the Landdrost and Heemraden of Swellendam and Graaff-Reinet extended passport laws beyond slaves, ordering that all Khoikhoi (called to) who moved around the country for any purpose carry passports. [29] This was confirmed by the British colonial government in 1809 by the Proclamation, which decreed that a Khoikhoi, if moving, needed a passport from his master or a local official. [29] Decree No. 49 of 1828 decreed that prospective black immigrants should obtain passports only for the purpose of seeking employment. [29] These passports were to be issued to Coloureds and Khoikhoi, but not to other Africans who were still forced to carry passports. In the 1930s, association football reflected the balkanized society of South Africa; Football has been divided into many race-based institutions: the South African Football Association (white), the South African Football Association of India (SAIFA), the South African Football Association (SAAFA) and its rival, the South African Bantu Football Federation and the South African Coloured Football Association (SACFA).