A partnership is a business relationship entered into through a formal agreement between two or more persons or corporations engaged in a joint venture. The capital of a partnership is provided by the partners, who are responsible for all the debts of the corporations and share the profits and losses of the partnership according to the terms of the articles. Of the few types of businesses that may exist under a federally issued charter, most are banks, credit unions and similar custodians. These institutions differ from state-chartered banks in that they include a keyword in their official name. For a bank, the key word is “national”. A bank licensed by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) must have the word “national” in its name. A bank licensed by a State may not bear the term “national” in its name. A joint-stock company (zártkörűen működő részvénytársaság or Zrt.) is a separate and autonomous legal entity. The two-tier structure must be provided for in the articles of association and consists of a supervisory board and a management board.
The Supervisory Board is a collegial board composed of at least 3 members and is elected by the shareholders of the company. The members of the Supervisory Board may not be simultaneous members of the Executive Board. The Supervisory Board is responsible for the general policy and strategy of the public limited company and has reserved powers. The council is a collegial council composed of at least 3 members. The members of the Management Board are appointed by the members of the Supervisory Board. The Management Board has full management authority, with the exception of those reserved by law to the Annual General Meeting and those reserved for the Supervisory Board. For a savings bank (formerly called Spar- und Kreditvereinigung) or a credit union, the key word is “federal” and the same rules apply; A state-chartered savings bank or credit union must have the word “federal” in its name, while a state-chartered savings bank or credit union cannot have “federal” in its name. As an indication, approximate equivalents in the company law of English-speaking countries are given in most cases, for example: Note: In addition to the above, there are other forms of legal entities that may be incorporated under New Zealand law, including a partnership, a limited partnership and a trust. However, these are less commonly used for commercial purposes in New Zealand and are not taken into account further. Note: Each of these entities can be entered as a “Variable Capital” unit, in which case the suffix “de C.V.” must be added to the name of their company.
Example: “S.A. de C.V.”, “S. de R.L. de C.V.” Corporations are corporations whose liability is separate and distinct from that of their shareholders, directors and officers. Companies can be incorporated for any legal business purpose, with a few exceptions. They can be organized by individuals and/or corporations by filing a certificate of incorporation with the Department of State of Puerto Rico. A company has the power to enter into contracts, hold property, sue and be sued on its own behalf; It also has continuity of existence and free transferability of ownership shares. Generally, the charter of incorporation grants legal existence to the corporation as soon as it is filed with the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico. Formats such as Gomei-Kaisha and Goshi-Kaisha are rarely chosen in practice, as the burden on equity participants is unlimited rather than limited. Directors are appointed by the shareholders of a Zrt. Directors of the corporation (who must be employees of the corporation) may also be appointed by shareholders to assist directors in their day-to-day operations.
Under French law, an entity operating in France is only required to register with the French Trade and Companies Register (RCS) if it carries out a “commercial activity”. A foreign company is only required to be registered in the local commercial register if its business in France is a permanent establishment in which an autonomous activity (as opposed to “preparatory and ancillary activities”) is carried on and managed by a representative of the foreign company or a person who may bind the foreign company vis-à-vis third parties. one of the above forms (Preduzetnik; O.D.; K.D.; A.d.; D.O.O.), as such, it is registered in the Central Commercial Register. This form is somewhat specific and was created for companies based in other countries and having their share in Montenegro. The Gōdō-Kaisha business structure has several advantages, such as lower start-up costs than the Kabushiki-Kaisha structure. Also, setting up your business as a gōdō-kaisha does not require you to file articles of association or establish a board of directors, and is therefore a faster and easier way to start your business in Japan if you are the only investor in your business. However, your ability to raise additional capital for your business is limited as you cannot sell shares or issue stock options (as opposed to a CC), and so it is important to consider this point when registering as a GK. In addition, GKs are not as well-known as PPs, which can have a negative impact on how your potential customers perceive your business in Japan.
Under French law, the branch is a direct form of establishment by a foreign company in France. A branch is not an independent legal entity and is therefore considered to be the same legal entity as the foreign company, which remains solely responsible for the operation of its branch in France. Limited liability companies with 50 or more shareholders (and 50 or more blocks of shares) and assets of at least NZD 30 million (including the assets of their respective subsidiaries) or a turnover of at least NZD 15 million (including the income of their subsidiaries) are “code companies” within the meaning of the Takeover Bids Regulations 2000 and the Takeover Offer Code.