There are a number of issues that your TD needs to discuss when the TDM framework begins construction. Decisions on these issues are then formalized in written protocols, which are merely a compilation of MDT procedures. Protocols are important in that they provide structure, predictability and accountability for the multidisciplinary team. Confidentiality is an issue of great debate and passion, but it is by no means an insurmountable obstacle to the exchange of information. When companies create an ethical environment that leads by example at all levels of management, they achieve better financial results, have higher employee retention and satisfaction, and are more likely to make better decisions than organizations that do not actively deliver high ethical performance. Ethical standards, on the other hand, do not necessarily have a legal basis. They are based on the human principles of good and evil. For example, if you try to park your car in a parking lot and there is only one parking space left, the only legal standard you must follow is not to exceed the speed limit or crash into another car. Now, if you see another car going to that place, ethical standards tell you not to fight for space, but to give room to the car that was there first. It is the right thing to do. This is an ethical standard. Imagine you were the one walking around the place right now, and someone was walking by and parking there. You would feel treated unfairly, and yes, you have been wronged, ethically.
Cyber-mapping offers rich potential for traditional knowledge mapping, as described earlier in this chapter, but this knowledge is much more than a collection of “artifacts” that can be placed on a map. It is part of a knowledge system that is often fundamentally different from dominant Western systems. Chapter 19 addresses the legal issues associated with protecting communities` rights to knowledge and promoting a culture of respect, not only for individual knowledge, but also for the integrity of the knowledge system from which it originates. Existing rights, such as copyright, intellectual property and data ownership, have limited value because they are based on individual rights rather than collective or community rights. What is needed are completely new perspectives on legal and ethical issues, including greater consideration of soft law solutions. Guidelines for ethical practices have been in place since the beginning of nursing. An ethical promise for nurses – a modified version of the Hippocratic Oath called the Nightingale Pledge – was developed by Lystra Gretter in 1893. The first code of ethics for nurses was proposed by the American Nurses Association in 1926 and adopted in 1950 (Lyons, 2011). There are many real ethical and legal examples. The concept of autonomy has evolved from paternalistic physicians with ethical decision-making power over patients empowered to participate in decisions about their own care to patients heavily armed with Internet resources and trying to assert themselves in all decision-making. This transition of authority has developed more slowly in the geriatric population, but as baby boomers age, they affirm this evolving norm of independence.
However, autonomy does not negate responsibility. Health care is based on a partnership between the health care provider and the recipient. Everyone owes the other responsibility and respect. Research suggests that ethical conflicts in the healthcare sector are increasing, both due to the increasing complexity of care and due to scientific and technological advances. Several studies that have attempted to analyze ethical conflicts that occur in intensive care units have found that ethical conflicts experienced by ICU nurses come from three main sources: Veracity is not a basic bioethical principle and is only mentioned in passing in most ethical texts. It is essentially an element of respect for people (Gabard, 2003). The veracity contrasts with the concept of medical paternalism, which assumes that patients only need to know what their doctors reveal. Clearly, attitudes toward truthfulness have changed dramatically because it forms the basis of autonomy that patients expect today. Informed consent is, for example, the ability to exercise autonomy with knowledge. • What is legal may be unethical.
For example, firing an employee by a company is not illegal, but it can be unethical. The law sets the rules that define a person`s rights and obligations. The law also provides penalties for those who break these rules. Laws are often amended to reflect the needs of society. In any society, laws often have a strong moral standard (Porter, 2001). Two of the most common types of potential lawsuits against health care providers for health care violations involve lack of informed consent and violation of the standard of care (Brock & Mastroianni, 2013). Aggressive management of legal and ethical issues is how companies create a values-based culture that guides their employees to build trust with customers, build a reputation for quality and integrity, and work for the betterment of society. Ethics management is conducted from the top down.
It includes all stakeholders in the area of corporate responsibility. Chapter 6 provides an overview of the legal and ethical issues of publishing, with a focus on the publication of scientific journals, as this is the field in which most libraries are involved. Ethical guidelines for reviewers and reviewers are discussed as well as common ethical issues for editors and reviewers. The chapter also discusses relationships with authors and ethical issues related to access models for journals published in libraries. The Affordable Care Act also addresses the ethical principles of charity (kindness) and non-malevolence (do no harm) by establishing affordable health care exchanges and plans. Exchange is part and parcel of the complicated problem that arises when health care is compulsory. It is based on the concept that requiring health insurance without affordability would cause significant harm to individuals and families in financial difficulty (Lachman, 2012). The Affordable Care Act is an example of a series of laws that have been developed with a number of ethical issues in mind. Due to pre-existing conditions or simple unavailability, tens of millions of people have not been able to purchase health insurance at all costs. The law corrects this injustice by requiring most U.S. citizens and permanent residents to purchase health insurance (Lachman, 2012). The law also addresses insurance choices and costs and introduces certain rights and protections for consumers.
Chapter 9 examines the development of guidelines for new reviews and provides an overview of the types of guidelines recommended. Agreements with publishers and publishing partners are discussed as well as ethical guidelines for authors. The chapter concludes with a discussion of internal policies and procedures that journals may develop to ensure the legal and ethical nature of published work. Traditionally, the ethical decision-making process and the final decision have been the responsibility of the physician. That is no longer the case; The patient and other health care providers, depending on their specific expertise, are at the heart of the decision-making process (Valente & Saunders, 2000). Some privacy issues are governed by legislation (see Toolbox Item: TDG Legislative Review). For example: The Carnegie Foundation describes the educational components required to work as a professional as three essential areas: (1) intellectual training to learn the academic knowledge base and the ability to think in ways important to the profession; (2) practical competency-based instruction; and (3) training in ethical standards, social roles and responsibilities of the profession, through which the beginner is introduced to the importance of integrated practice of all dimensions of the profession according to the fundamental objectives of the profession (Hughes, 2008).